For First Black Pentagon Chief, Racism Is Personal
2021-01-26
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1Newly confirmed U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin faces a world of security threats and a large military bureaucracy.
2The first Black defense leader also faces another problem in the military: removing racism and extremism among soldiers.
3Austin takes office as Americans are starting to understand that some of the people who took part in the January 6th attack on the U.S. Capitol were current or former members of the military.
4The retired four-star general recently told senators that the Pentagon's job is to "keep America safe from our enemies.
5But we can't do that if some of those enemies lie within our own ranks."
6Removing racists from the military is not his only immediate goal.
7Austin's military will also play an important part in making sure all Americans get the coronavirus vaccine.
8But the racism issue is personal for Austin.
9Before the 93-2 vote that confirmed him in the Senate on Tuesday, he explained why.
10In 1995, while Austin was serving at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, three white soldiers were arrested in the murder of a Black man and woman who were walking down the street.
11Investigators said the two were killed because of their race.
12The killing forced an investigation, and 22 soldiers were linked to "skinhead" groups or others holding extremist beliefs.
13"Skinhead" is a term used to describe neo-Nazis or others with extreme racist opinions.
14Of the 22 soldiers, 17 were considered white supremacists or separatists.
15"We woke up one day and discovered we had extremist elements in our ranks," Austin told the Senate Armed Services Committee.
16"We discovered that the signs for the activity were there all along. We just didn't know what to look for or what to pay attention to," he added.
17Austin is not the first secretary to see this problem. Racism has long been an issue in the military.
18Leaders say only a small number of soldiers hold extremist views.
19However, there have been several acts of racial hatred.
20A recent Air Force report found that Black service members in the Air Force were far more likely to be investigated, arrested, face disciplinary actions and be asked to leave the military.
21Based on 2018 information, about 66 percent of the military's members are white and about 17 percent are Black in the lower ranks.
22In the higher ranks, the percentage of Black members decreases.
23The American population is about 75 percent white and 13 percent Black.
24Over the past year, military leaders have tried to make changes.
25But change came slowly during the administration of President Donald Trump.
26For example, it took many months for the Pentagon to ban the Confederate flag last year.
27The flag has long been a symbol of racism, because it was the flag of the slave-holding South during the American Civil War.
28Senators asked Austin many questions about extremism in the military and about his plans to remove it.
29The hearing was held two weeks after lawmakers fled the deadly attack at the Capitol.
30Many of the attackers held racist or extremist views.
31Senator Tim Kaine asked Austin about the steps he will take, adding that "if we're divided against one another, how can we defend the nation?"
32Austin -- who broke racial barriers throughout his 40-year Army career -- said military leaders must send a clear message that extremist behavior is unacceptable.
33Austin was the first Black man to serve as head of U.S. Central Command and the first to be the Army's vice chief of staff.
34He said solutions must come from within the military services and lower-ranking leaders.
35They must make sure that their soldiers are trained and know what behaviors are not permitted.
36Austin said it will not be an easy problem to fix.
37He also said training is necessary and must continue throughout a soldier's time in the military.
38Austin was approved after legislators gave him a waiver to overcome a law that bans anyone from serving as defense chief until they have been retired for more than seven years.
39Austin has been retired for five years.
40After President Joe Biden signed the waiver, Austin walked into the Pentagon to begin his job.
41His first international phone call was to NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg.
42The 67-year-old Austin is a 1975 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.
43I'm Susan Shand.
1Newly confirmed U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin faces a world of security threats and a large military bureaucracy. The first Black defense leader also faces another problem in the military: removing racism and extremism among soldiers. 2Austin takes office as Americans are starting to understand that some of the people who took part in the January 6th attack on the U.S. Capitol were current or former members of the military. 3The retired four-star general recently told senators that the Pentagon's job is to "keep America safe from our enemies. But we can't do that if some of those enemies lie within our own ranks." 4Removing racists from the military is not his only immediate goal. Austin's military will also play an important part in making sure all Americans get the coronavirus vaccine. 5But the racism issue is personal for Austin. Before the 93-2 vote that confirmed him in the Senate on Tuesday, he explained why. 6In 1995, while Austin was serving at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, three white soldiers were arrested in the murder of a Black man and woman who were walking down the street. Investigators said the two were killed because of their race. 7The killing forced an investigation, and 22 soldiers were linked to "skinhead" groups or others holding extremist beliefs. "Skinhead" is a term used to describe neo-Nazis or others with extreme racist opinions. Of the 22 soldiers, 17 were considered white supremacists or separatists. 8"We woke up one day and discovered we had extremist elements in our ranks," Austin told the Senate Armed Services Committee. 9"We discovered that the signs for the activity were there all along. We just didn't know what to look for or what to pay attention to," he added. 10Austin is not the first secretary to see this problem. Racism has long been an issue in the military. Leaders say only a small number of soldiers hold extremist views. However, there have been several acts of racial hatred. 11A recent Air Force report found that Black service members in the Air Force were far more likely to be investigated, arrested, face disciplinary actions and be asked to leave the military. 12Based on 2018 information, about 66 percent of the military's members are white and about 17 percent are Black in the lower ranks. In the higher ranks, the percentage of Black members decreases. The American population is about 75 percent white and 13 percent Black. 13Over the past year, military leaders have tried to make changes. But change came slowly during the administration of President Donald Trump. For example, it took many months for the Pentagon to ban the Confederate flag last year. The flag has long been a symbol of racism, because it was the flag of the slave-holding South during the American Civil War. 14Senators asked Austin many questions about extremism in the military and about his plans to remove it. The hearing was held two weeks after lawmakers fled the deadly attack at the Capitol. Many of the attackers held racist or extremist views. 15Senator Tim Kaine asked Austin about the steps he will take, adding that "if we're divided against one another, how can we defend the nation?" 16Austin -- who broke racial barriers throughout his 40-year Army career -- said military leaders must send a clear message that extremist behavior is unacceptable. 17Austin was the first Black man to serve as head of U.S. Central Command and the first to be the Army's vice chief of staff. He said solutions must come from within the military services and lower-ranking leaders. They must make sure that their soldiers are trained and know what behaviors are not permitted. 18Austin said it will not be an easy problem to fix. He also said training is necessary and must continue throughout a soldier's time in the military. 19Austin was approved after legislators gave him a waiver to overcome a law that bans anyone from serving as defense chief until they have been retired for more than seven years. Austin has been retired for five years. 20After President Joe Biden signed the waiver, Austin walked into the Pentagon to begin his job. His first international phone call was to NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg. 21The 67-year-old Austin is a 1975 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. 22I'm Susan Shand. 23The Associated Press reported this story. Susan Shand adapted it for Learning English. Bryan Lynn was the editor. 24________________________________________________________________ 25Words in This Story 26bureaucracy - n. a large group of people who are involved in running a government, but who are not elected 27rank - n. one's position in an organization, such as the military 28white supremacist - n. one who believes white people are superior to others of different races 29disciplinary - adj. intended to correct or punish bad behavior 30symbol - n. a sign or object used to represent something 31waiver - n. a paper that allows a person not to use or require something 32We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section, and visit our Facebook page.